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Physics Calculators

Interactive tools to solve physics problems instantly

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Projectile Motion Calculator

Calculate range, height, and time of flight for any launch angle and speed.

Force Calculator (F = ma)

Solve for force, mass, or acceleration using Newton's Second Law.

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Momentum Calculator

Calculate momentum, solve collision problems, and analyze impulse.

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Wave Speed Calculator

Find wave speed, frequency, or wavelength using v = fλ.

Kinetic & Potential Energy

Calculate KE = ½mv² and PE = mgh for any object.

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Gravitational Force

Calculate gravitational force between any two masses.

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Interactive Calculators

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Clear Explanations

We explain physics the way a great teacher would — building intuition first. Targeted at US high school and college students.

Physics Articles

Clear, in-depth explanations of physics fundamentals

Key Physics Formulas — At a Glance

The most essential equations in physics fundamentals

F = ma
Newton's 2nd Law
v = fλ
Wave Equation
KE = ½mv²
Kinetic Energy
PV = nRT
Ideal Gas Law
p = mv
Momentum
ΔU = Q − W
1st Law Thermo
F = Gm₁m₂/r²
Gravity
R = v₀²sin(2θ)/g
Projectile Range

Physics Articles

In-depth explanations of physics fundamentals — all free, all accessible

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21 articles found

Physics Calculators

Interactive physics tools — all free, no account needed. Solve real physics problems instantly.

Mechanics R = v₀²sin(2θ)/g

Projectile Motion Calculator

Calculate range, maximum height, and time of flight for any projectile.

Mechanics F = ma

Newton's Second Law Calculator (F = ma)

Solve for force, mass, or acceleration using Newton's Second Law.

Mechanics p = mv

Momentum & Collision Calculator

Calculate momentum and analyze perfectly inelastic collisions.

Energy KE = ½mv², PE = mgh

Energy Calculator (KE, PE, Spring PE)

Calculate kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy, and spring PE.

Waves v = fλ

Wave Speed, Frequency & Wavelength Calculator

Solve for any variable in the fundamental wave equation.

Gravity F = Gm₁m₂/r²

Gravitational Force Calculator

Calculate the gravitational force between any two objects.

G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
Thermodynamics PV = nRT

Ideal Gas Law Calculator

Solve for pressure, volume, moles, or temperature.

R = 8.314 J/(mol·K) — Temperature must be in Kelvin (K = °C + 273.15)
Mechanics d = v₀t + ½gt²

Free Fall Calculator

Find time to fall, final speed, and distance fallen under gravity.

Electricity V = IR

Ohm's Law Calculator

Solve for voltage, current, or resistance in electrical circuits.

ElectricityP = IV = I²R = V²/R

Electrical Power Calculator

Calculate electrical power using current, voltage, or resistance.

EnergyW = Fd·cosθ

Work & Power Calculator

Calculate work done by a force at any angle, or power from work and time.

Mechanicsτ = rFsinθ

Torque Calculator

Calculate the torque produced by a force applied at a distance from a pivot.

MechanicsFc = mv²/r

Centripetal Force Calculator

Find centripetal force, acceleration, period, and frequency for circular motion.

MechanicsT = 2π√(m/k)

SHM & Pendulum Calculator

Calculate period, frequency, and energy for springs and simple pendulums.

ThermodynamicsK = °C + 273.15

Temperature Converter

Convert temperatures between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin instantly.

Mechanicsρ = m/V

Density Calculator

Solve for density, mass, or volume using the density equation.

MechanicsP = F/A

Pressure Calculator

Calculate pressure, force, or area from any two known quantities.

MechanicsJ = FΔt = Δp

Impulse Calculator

Calculate impulse using force × time or change in momentum.

MechanicsFb = ρVg

Buoyancy Calculator

Calculate buoyant force and check if an object floats or sinks.

Buoyancy: Fb = ρ_fluid × V_submerged × g. Float if Fb ≥ Weight.
Waves1/f = 1/dₒ + 1/dᵢ

Lens & Mirror Calculator

Find image distance, magnification, and image type for lenses and mirrors.

Gravityv = √(2GM/R)

Escape Velocity Calculator

Calculate the escape velocity needed to leave any planet's gravity.

G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
Gravityv = √(GM/r)

Orbital Speed Calculator

Find orbital speed and period for any circular orbit around a central body.

G = 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
ThermodynamicsQ = mcΔT

Specific Heat Calculator

Solve for heat transferred, mass, specific heat, or temperature change.

Energyη = (Wout/Win)×100%

Efficiency Calculator

Calculate the efficiency of any energy conversion process.

ElectricityR = ΣRᵢ or 1/R = Σ(1/Rᵢ)

Resistor (Series / Parallel)

Calculate total resistance for resistors in series or parallel circuits.

Enter up to 5 resistor values (Ω). Leave unused fields blank.
Wavesf' = f(v±vₒ)/(v∓vₛ)

Doppler Effect Calculator

Calculate the observed frequency shift when source or observer is moving.

Positive velocity = moving toward; Negative = moving away
Mechanicsf = μN

Friction Force Calculator

Calculate friction force on flat surfaces or inclines.

Mechanicss = ut + ½at²

SUVAT Kinematics Solver

Solve for any SUVAT variable given any three known values.

Enter any 3 of the 5 values. Leave the unknown fields blank.
Wavesn₁sinθ₁ = n₂sinθ₂

Snell's Law Calculator

Calculate refraction angle using Snell's Law. Detects total internal reflection.

Need to understand the theory?

Read our in-depth articles on every topic covered by these calculators.

Physics Formula Sheet

Every essential formula organized by topic — bookmark for quick reference

⚙️ Mechanics — Newton's Laws

F = ma
Newton's Second Law — Net force equals mass times acceleration
F: force (N), m: mass (kg), a: acceleration (m/s²)
p = mv
Linear momentum equals mass times velocity
p: momentum (kg·m/s), m: mass (kg), v: velocity (m/s)
J = FΔt = Δp
Impulse equals change in momentum
J: impulse (N·s), F: force (N), Δt: time (s)
F₁₂ = −F₂₁
Newton's Third Law — action-reaction pairs are equal and opposite
F₁₂: force of 1 on 2, F₂₁: force of 2 on 1
W = Fd·cosθ
Work done by force F over displacement d at angle θ
W: work (J), F: force (N), d: displacement (m), θ: angle
τ = rFsinθ
Torque produced by a force at distance r
τ: torque (N·m), r: lever arm (m), F: force (N), θ: angle
J = FΔt
Impulse from force over time
J: impulse (N·s), F: force (N), Δt: time interval (s)

📐 Kinematics

v = v₀ + at
Velocity after constant acceleration for time t
v: final velocity, v₀: initial velocity, a: acceleration, t: time
x = v₀t + ½at²
Position after constant acceleration
x: displacement (m), v₀: initial velocity, a: acceleration, t: time
v² = v₀² + 2ax
Velocity-displacement relationship (no time needed)
v: final velocity, v₀: initial, a: acceleration, x: displacement
x = (v+v₀)t/2
Displacement using average velocity
x: displacement, v, v₀: final and initial velocities, t: time
s = ut + ½at²
Uniform acceleration displacement formula
s: displacement, u: initial velocity, a: acceleration, t: time

🎯 Projectile Motion

R = v₀²sin(2θ)/g
Horizontal range for launch on flat ground
R: range (m), v₀: launch speed (m/s), θ: launch angle, g: 9.8 m/s²
H = v₀²sin²θ/(2g)
Maximum height reached
H: max height (m), v₀: launch speed, θ: angle, g: 9.8 m/s²
T = 2v₀sinθ/g
Total time of flight (landing at same height)
T: time (s), v₀: launch speed, θ: angle, g: 9.8 m/s²
H = v₀²sin²θ/(2g)
Maximum height of projectile
H: height (m), v₀: launch speed, θ: angle, g: 9.8 m/s²

⚡ Energy

KE = ½mv²
Kinetic energy of a moving object
KE: kinetic energy (J), m: mass (kg), v: speed (m/s)
PE = mgh
Gravitational potential energy
PE: potential energy (J), m: mass (kg), g: 9.8 m/s², h: height (m)
EPE = ½kx²
Elastic potential energy in a spring
k: spring constant (N/m), x: displacement from equilibrium (m)
P = W/t = Fv
Power — rate of energy transfer
P: power (W), W: work (J), t: time (s), F: force, v: velocity
E = hf
Photon energy
E: energy (J), h: Planck constant, f: frequency (Hz)

〰️ Waves & Sound

v = fλ
Wave speed equals frequency times wavelength
v: wave speed (m/s), f: frequency (Hz), λ: wavelength (m)
f = 1/T
Frequency is the reciprocal of period
f: frequency (Hz), T: period (s)
fₙ = nv/(2L)
Resonant frequencies of a string fixed at both ends
n: harmonic (1,2,3...), v: wave speed, L: string length (m)
v = √(T/μ)
Wave speed on a stretched string
T: tension (N), μ: linear mass density (kg/m)

🌍 Gravity

F = Gm₁m₂/r²
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
G: 6.674×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg², m₁,m₂: masses (kg), r: distance (m)
g = GM/R²
Surface gravitational acceleration of a planet
g: surface gravity (m/s²), M: planet mass, R: planet radius
v_esc = √(2GM/R)
Escape velocity from a planet's surface
G: gravitational constant, M: planet mass (kg), R: radius (m)
T² = (4π²/GM)r³
Kepler's Third Law — orbital period
T: orbital period (s), M: central mass (kg), r: orbital radius (m)

🌡️ Thermodynamics

PV = nRT
Ideal Gas Law
P: pressure (Pa), V: volume (m³), n: moles, R: 8.314 J/(mol·K), T: temp (K)
ΔU = Q − W
First Law of Thermodynamics — energy conservation
ΔU: change in internal energy (J), Q: heat added (J), W: work by system (J)
KE_avg = (3/2)kT
Average kinetic energy of gas molecules
k: 1.38×10⁻²³ J/K (Boltzmann constant), T: temperature (K)
Q = mcΔT
Heat required to change temperature
m: mass (kg), c: specific heat (J/(kg·K)), ΔT: temperature change
η = Wout/Win
Thermal efficiency
η: efficiency, Wout: useful work, Win: input work

📏 Constants & Conversions

g = 9.8 m/s²
Standard acceleration due to gravity (Earth surface)
G = 6.674×10⁻¹¹
Universal gravitational constant (N·m²/kg²)
c = 3×10⁸ m/s
Speed of light in vacuum
R = 8.314 J/(mol·K)
Universal gas constant
k = 1.38×10⁻²³ J/K
Boltzmann constant
Nₐ = 6.022×10²³
Avogadro's number (mol⁻¹)
v_sound ≈ 343 m/s
Speed of sound in air at 20°C
1 eV = 1.6×10⁻¹⁹ J
Electron volt conversion

Practice with Interactive Calculators

Use these formulas with our interactive tools to solve real physics problems instantly.

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In-Depth Articles

11+ comprehensive articles covering projectile motion, Newton's laws, thermodynamics, waves, gravity, and more.

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Interactive Calculators

9 fully functional physics calculators — all solving real problems with step-by-step results.

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Formula Sheet

A complete formula reference covering mechanics, kinematics, waves, energy, gravity, and thermodynamics.

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Aligned with AP Physics 1, AP Physics 2, and introductory college physics. Targeted at US students.

Topics Covered

Mechanics & Newton's Laws
Kinematics
Projectile Motion
Energy & Work
Momentum & Collisions
Gravitation
Thermodynamics
Waves & Sound
Electricity Basics
Ideal Gas Law
Conservation Laws
Free Body Diagrams

Grade-Wise Physics Sections

9th Grade Physics

Motion, forces, speed, acceleration, energy basics, and simple experiments for beginners.

10th Grade Physics

Newton's laws, momentum, gravitation, waves, and basic electricity with solved examples.

11th Grade Physics

Projectile motion, thermodynamics, formulas, graph-based problems, and deeper concept practice.

12th Grade Physics

Advanced mechanics, energy conservation, circular motion, electromagnetism, and exam revision support.

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